Week 10 Selective English

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [1] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [2] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [3] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [4] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [5] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [6] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

You are going to read an article about Globalization in History. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.

Choose from the sentences 1-8 the one which fits each gap (1-7).

There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A scholarly debate regarding the roots of globalization has been resolved. Globalization now is not as unique as the experts who created the phrase claimed. The term first appeared in business and economic writing in the 1970s, at which time free-market philosophy grew increasingly prominent. (1)__________________________ Globalization, according to the business researchers that popularized the term and social scientists who followed in their footsteps, describes present and unprecedented global interconnection. Numerous research, however, has questioned the assumption that globalization is unique to modern civilization since the 1990s. Much of the revisionist literature places the beginnings of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, arguing that worldwide trade, industry, and investment were just as important a century ago as they are now. (2)____________________________

However, resolving that dispute raises a new question: how comparable are these two phases in globalization? This is the question that this article attempts to answer. It looks at Mexico, a developing country. (3)___________________________________ First, it gives a case study of a developing country’s interactions with advanced nations; Mexico, for example, has close relationships with the United States and major European nations. Second, Mexico’s modern and historical experiences with globalization are both significant. Mexico’s nineteenth-century event coincided with Porfirio Diaz’s lengthy presidency (1876-1911). (4)______________________________

The Porfirian era became legendary when it was forcibly terminated by the 1910 Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade and claimed the lives of an estimated half-million Mexicans. Beginning in the 1920s, the revolutionary government shielded Mexico from the world economy, a position it held until the 1970s. Mexico’s current globalization phase, which began in 1982 and is still ongoing, is known as the “neoliberal” period since it resembles nineteenth-century liberalism in certain ways. (5)___________________________________

Five presidents presided during the neoliberal period, but Carlos Salinas, who served as president from 1988 to 1994 and negotiated NAFTA in 1994, did the most to incorporate Mexico into the global system. Finally, analogies between the neoliberal and Porfiriato eras are widespread in contemporary Mexican political discourse. Both opponents and advocates of Mexico’s neoliberal market openness point to the Porfiriato. (6)_________________________ By calling their protest groups after contemporaneous critics of the Porfirian system, some contemporary commentators have underlined the link between the two eras. Opponents, on the other hand, believe that the foundations of Mexico’s recent economic development may be found in the Porfirian era. By reimagining the Porfirian era as the birth of modern Mexico, revised Mexican history textbooks challenge prior interpretations, in which the repressive Diaz administration ended in a Revolution for Justice. (7)_________________________________

Using the following options, Fill the Gap ___ [7] ___?

As a result, revisionism has proved that today's globalization is not exceptional, as its historical roots date back a century.
During this 35-year era, known as the "Porfiriato" in allusion to the president's name, Mexico and Diaz drew international attention due to the country's rapid economic expansion and growing exports.
Mexican neoliberalism is a particularly notable Latin American instance since it represents a rupture with Mexico's protectionist and statist style of capitalism that emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution.
This is a good question for global history instructors to use in-class lectures and debates since it emphasizes the idea of change across time.
The word "globalization" grew more common in the social sciences and popular literature during the 1980s and notably the 1990s.
As a result, even if detractors and supporters have opposing views on the Porfiriato, they both associate it with the neoliberal period.
Critics who say that present inequality is reminiscent of the Porfirian era refer to modern Mexico as "neo-Porfirian."
It is an especially noteworthy case for a number of reasons.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions.

EXTRACT A:

Two young children at Holly Hill had been talking non-stop about Santa Claus’s planned visit that night all-day long. Mrs. Stallone had attempted to explain to Jason and Jennie that Santa Claus would be unable to deliver them their gifts this year, but she had been confronted with the indisputable and stubborn declaration that their father had promised them. They had put their stockings on the mantle directly in front of the chimney before going to bed so that Santa Claus would see them.

Their mother had sobbed over Jennie’s plea, “not to forget my dad and not to forget my dolly” and “to take care of my papa and of Santa Claus”, her tears flowing silently after the children had fallen asleep while she finished the small grey outfit for Jason. Mrs. Stallone knelt down by the bedside.

“O God, grant me the faith of a child!” She prayed over and over. Suddenly, a footfall on the front portico and a knock at the door surprised her.

Mrs. Stallone exited her chamber and walked out into the hall. A bearded stranger stood at the door, carrying a huge, brimming sack on his back. His clothing was ragged and worn, and his hat, which stood limply on his head, was pulled down over his eyes.

“Would ye be so kind as to house a poor stranger for a night in this blessed season of peace and goodwill?” he said in a thick Irish brogue.

“Certainly,” Mrs. Stallone replied, her gaze riveted on him. Carefully approaching the stranger, she instinctively pulled the hat down away from his eyes, revealing her husband. He swiftly pulled her in, embracing her.

“My sweetheart! I knew you’d show up! The children all said you would!” Mrs Stallone exclaimed.

“I had no choice but to come. I made a promise to them,” Colonel Stallone grinned as he replied cheerfully.

Colonel Stallone made his way into the house, setting down his sack and revealing a treasure trove of toys and trinkets that had undoubtedly never been seen by any other eyes. Jennie was not woken at her father’s request, despite Mrs. Stallone’s desire to wake her up in order for her to see him. Jason, on the other hand, was granted access to the myriad of secrets, with the exception of being denied access to a tiny box bearing his name. Mrs. Stallone and the Colonel “tipped” around like two toddlers, filling the long stockings with sweets and toys. Finally, a lovely doll with flaxen hair, all dressed in silk and lace, was seated securely on top of Jennie’s stocking, with her wardrobe just below her, where she would immediately greet her young mistress after re-opening her eyes. Jason’s little blue uniform was also pinned beside the grey one his mother had made, a sword buckled around the waist.

EXTRACT B:

Strolling along the Avenue of Goodwill, I found my train and returned home. When I had some time to think about it, I recalled the letters in my pocket that I hadn’t yet opened. I unfolded them and read them, and among them were two sent to me in trust for Santa Claus himself, which I had to put aside with the editor’s letter until I had wiped the dew off from my spectacles. One of the letters was from a great banker, and it contained a thousand-dollar cheque to help buy a home for some poor children in New York’s East Side tenements, where the chimneys are so small, meaning that a letter will scarcely go up through them so that ever-so-many little ones over there never get on Santa Claus’ books at all.

The other letter was from a lonely old widow, nearly as old as my loving mother in Denmark, and it came with a two-dollar note. For years, she wrote, she had saved and saved, anticipating that one day she would have five dollars, at which point she would accompany me to the houses of the extremely poor and play Santa Claus personally. “And wherever you felt it was appropriate to leave a trifle, that is where it should be placed,” the letter stated. But she was so elderly that she couldn’t imagine such a journey anymore, so she mailed the money she had accumulated. I imagined a family in one of those tenements, where both the mother and father are sick, along with a boy who should be in school, battling all alone to keep a wolf away from the door, and winning. I assume that he’s been too busy to send any messages up the chimney, assuming there is one in his house; but ask him right now if he believes in Santa Claus.

Is there no Santa Claus? Thank God, my little man, there is a Santa Claus! Your father had just forgotten about it. Without one, the world would be a poorer place. True, he doesn’t always wear a white beard and lead a reindeer team—he doesn’t always, you know—but what does it matter? For all that, he is Santa Claus with the large, loving, Christmas heart; Santa Claus with the good thoughts for everyone that make children and adults smile all day long.

For questions 8 – 15, choose the option (A, B, C or D) which you think best answers the question

In Extract A, how does Santa Claus know the existence of children in a house?

The children would look forward to him in front of the casement
Every eve, the children would address him
Adults would intercept him outside
By draping their socks in the chimney to notify him

Read the extracts below then answer the questions.

EXTRACT A:

The two small children at Holly Hill had been talking nonstop about Santa Claus’s planned visit that night all day. Mrs. Stallone had tried to explain to Jason and Jennie that Santa Claus would be unable to deliver them their gifts this year, but she had been confronted with the unmistakable and unanswerable declaration that their father had promised them. They had put their stockings on the mantle directly in front of the chimney before going to bed so that Santa Claus would see them.

The mother had sobbed over Jennie’s plea, “not to forget my dad, and not to forget my dolly,” and “to take care of my papa and of Santa Claus,” and her tears flowed silently after the children had fallen asleep, while she finished the small grey outfit for Jason. Mrs. Stallone knelt down by the bedside.

“O God, grant me the faith of a child!” She prayed over and over. A footfall on the front portico and a tap at the door surprised her.

Nav walked to the door while working in front of the hall fire. His mother overheard him answering several queries with scepticism. She exited her chamber and walked out into the hall. A stranger stood at the entrance, carrying a huge bag or pack on his back. His clothing was ragged and worn, his hat, which remained on his head, was pulled down over his eyes, and he had a beard.

“Would ye bay so koind as to hide a poor stranger for a noight in this blissed season of peace and goodwill?” or in English “would you be so kind as to hide a poor stranger for a night in this blessed season of peace and good-will?” In a thick Irish brogue, he said.

“Certainly,” Mrs. Stallone replied, her gaze riveted on him. She approached him carefully. Then, instinctively, she pulled his hat away from his eyes, hastily raising her hand. Her husband wrapped his arms around her.

“My sweetheart! I knew you’d show up, father,” he explained.

“They all said you would,” Mrs. Stallone asserted.

“So I had no choice but to come. I had made a promise, “Colonel Stallone smiled as he spoke.

The Colonel was a product of the hall.

A few moments later, the pack was opened, revealing a treasure trove of toys and trinkets that had undoubtedly never been seen by any other eyes. The younger children, including Aryan, were not woken at their father’s request, despite Mrs. Stallone’s desire to wake them in order for them to see him. Nav, on the other hand, was granted access to the secrets, with the exception of being denied access to a tiny box bearing his name. Mrs. Stallone and the Colonel “tipped” around like two toddlers, filling the long stockings with sweets and toys. Last but not least, the lovely doll with flaxen hair, all dressed in silk and lace, was securely seated on top of Jennie’s stocking, with her wardrobe just below her, where she would greet her young mistress when she first opened her eyes, and Jason’s little blue uniform was pinned beside the grey one his mother had made, with his sword buckled around the waist.

EXTRACT B:

So, strolling along the Avenue of Goodwill, I found my train and returned home. And when I had some time to think about it, I recalled the letters in my pocket that I hadn’t opened. I pulled them out and read them, and among them were two sent to me in trust for Santa Claus himself, which I had to put aside with the editor’s letter until the dew from my spectacles was wiped off. One was from a great banker, and it contained a thousand-dollar check to help buy a home for some poor children of New York’s East Side tenements, where the chimneys are so small and mean that scarcely a letter will go up through them so that ever so many little ones over there never get on Santa Claus’ books at all.

The other letter was from a lonely old widow, nearly as old as my loving mother in Denmark, and it came with a two-dollar note. For years, she wrote, she had saved and saved, anticipating that one day she would have five dollars, at which point she would accompany me to the houses of the extremely poor and play Santa Claus personally. “And wherever you felt it was appropriate to leave a trifle, that is where it should be placed,” the letter stated. But she was so elderly that she couldn’t imagine such a journey anymore, so she mailed the money she had accumulated. And I imagined a family in one of those tenements, where the father and mother are both sick, with a boy who should be in school, battling all alone to keep the wolf away from the door, and winning. I assume he’s been too busy to send any messages up the chimney, assuming there is one in his house; but ask him right now if he believes in Santa Claus.

Is there no Santa Claus? Thank God, my little man, there is a Santa Claus! Your father had just forgotten about it. Without one, the world would be a poorer place. True, he doesn’t always wear a white beard and lead a reindeer team—he doesn’t always, you know—but what does it matter? For all that, he is Santa Claus with the large, loving, Christmas heart; Santa Claus with the good thoughts for everyone that make children and adults smile all day long.

For questions 8 – 15, choose the option (A, B, C or D) which you think best answers the question

In Extract A, how did Santa Claus reveal himself?

He chanted Christmas chants
He itinerated the settlements by his carriage
He disguised himself as a destitute elderly
He rang the bells along the way